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Temperate forests covering 34% of the Earth's land have experienced human disturbances since ancient times and this is where the major industrial and agricultural enterprises are located nowadays. The heaviest human stress has been on European and North American ecosystems. Forest ecosystems are a major control of moisture circulation in watersheds. Boreal forests have been long recognized to influence global moisture circulation considerably. Therefore, it is logical to expect that further large-scale forest cover disturbances, such as catastrophic fires, large-scale insect outbreaks and fore

Forest ecology. --- Biotic communities. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Ecology --- Population biology --- Forest ecosystems --- Forests and forestry

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